In court cases involving natural entities, the Uttarakhand High Court has ordered that the Ganges and Yamuna rivers, as well as all waters, be « living entities », i.e. « legal persons », and appointed three persons as trustees to protect the rights of rivers from man-made pollution, such as « pilgrims` bathing rituals ». [22] 132. This is often used as an argument for or against the legal nature of a particular obligation. See Rotter, op. cit. cit., paragraph 11, p. 415; Schweisfurth, op. cit.
cit., No. 3, p. 691. A rare example of a non-legal agreement published in the same way as an international treaty is the « Memorandum of Understanding » between the United States Department of Energy and the Department of Research and Technology of the Federal Republic of Germany on Cooperation in the Field of Coal Technology of 7 October 1977, published in the Federal Law Gazette (1977) II, 1239. This declaration is clearly not legally binding. Both sides intended to participate in a particular project: « Such an intention. are identified by signatures… (last paragraph of the statement). In legal proceedings involving animals, animals have the status of « legal persons » and humans have a legal obligation to act as « loco parentis » for the welfare of animals, as a parent does to minor children.
A court ruled in 2014 in the case « Animal Welfare Board of India vs Nagaraja » that animals are also entitled to the fundamental right to liberty enshrined in Article 21 of the Indian Constitution[23], i.e. the right to life, personal liberty and the right to die with dignity (passive euthanasia). In another case, a court in the state of Uttarakhand ordered animals to have the same rights as humans. In another cow smuggling case, the High Court of Punjab and Haryana ordered that « the entire animal kingdom, including species of birds and aquatic animals » should have a « separate legal personality with the corresponding rights, duties and responsibilities of a living person » and that humans be « loco parentis », while setting standards for animal welfare, Veterinary treatment, feeding and shelter, for example, animal cars can have no more than four people. and transported animals must not be loaded beyond the established limits, and these limits must be halved if the animals are to carry the load on a slope. [22] According to Indian law, « shebaitship » is property belonging to the deity or idol as a « legal person ». People who are destined to act in the name of divinity are called « shebait ». A shebait acts as guardian or guardian of the deity to protect the right of the deity and fulfill the legal duties of the deity.
Shebait is similar to a trustee if the deity or temple has a legally registered trust or legal entity. According to Hindu law, goods given or offered as rituals or gifts, etc. absolutely belong to the deity and not to the shebait. The case studies are « Profulla Chrone Requitte vs Satya Chorone Requitte », AIR 1979 SC 1682 (1686): (1979) 3 SCC 409: (1979) 3 SCR 431. (ii) » and « Shambhu Charan Shukla vs Thakur Ladli Radha Chandra Madan Gopalji Maharaj, AIR 1985 SC 905 (909): (1985) 2 SCC 524: (1985) 3 SCR 372 ». [24] In the common law tradition, only one person could have legal rights. In order for them to work, the legal personality of a company has been established to include five legal rights: the right to a common treasure or safe (including the right to property), the right to a corporate seal (i.e. the right to conclude and sign contracts), the right to sue (to enforce contracts). the right to hire agents (employees) and the right to enact laws (self-government).
[19] 98. On the legal effect and practical effectiveness of the OECD Guidelines, see Baade, « The Legal Effects of Codes of Conduct for Multinational Enterprises », 22 GYIL (1979), pp. 11-52, pp. 29 et seq. Google Scholar 125. The choice of a non-legal form of obligation to avoid adverse effects in the event of non-performance is therefore not very realistic. See, however, the American attitude towards the Generalized System of Preferences, cited by Graham, op. cit. 88, p.
519. Section 28 of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 provides: » the provisions of this Bill of Rights apply, to the extent possible, for the benefit of all legal persons and all natural persons. A typical example of the concept of legal person in a civil jurisdiction according to the General Principles of Civil Law of the People`s Republic of China, Chapter III, Article 36: « A legal person is an organization that has the capacity to exercise civil rights and civil conduct, independently enjoys civil rights, and assumes civil law obligations in accordance with the law. ». [20] It should be noted, however, that the term citizenship has a very different meaning in civil law and common law systems. In law, a corporation is any person or « thing » (less ambiguously any corporation)[1][2] that can do the things that an ordinary person can normally do in law – such as entering into contracts, suing and being sued, owning property, etc. [3] [4] [5] The rationale for the term « corporation » is that some legal entities are not persons: Corporations and corporations are legally « persons » (they can legally do most of the things that an ordinary person can do), but they are clearly not people in the ordinary sense of the word. While natural persons acquire legal personality « naturally », simply by birth (or before that in some jurisdictions), legal persons must have legal personality conferred on them by an « unnatural » legal procedure, and for this reason they are sometimes called « artificial » persons. In the most common case (business creation), legal personality is usually acquired by registration with a government agency established for this purpose. In other cases, this can be done through primary law: an example is the Charity Commission in the United Kingdom. [8] The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 16 calls for all legal personality, including birth registration by 2030 as part of the 2030 Agenda. [9] Law journals include law journals, law journals, bar association journals and interdisciplinary journals. They can be general (e.g., the William and Mary Law Review) or focus on a specific topic (e.g., the Santa Clara Computer and High-Technology Law Journal). Many journals appear several times a year to ensure that articles are up-to-date and up-to-date at the time of publication.